Which of the following is included in nonverbal communication?

Nonverbal communication encompasses a wide range of behaviors and expressions that convey messages without the use of words. This includes body language, which reflects feelings and attitudes through physical movements and postures; facial expressions, which can communicate a vast array of emotions; gestures, which can emphasize or complement verbal communication; posture, which can indicate confidence or submission; and eye contact, which plays a crucial role in establishing connection and interest.

These nonverbal cues are essential in healthcare settings, as they can convey empathy, understanding, and engagement, often more powerfully than verbal communication alone. This is particularly important in nursing, where the ability to read patients' nonverbal signals can greatly enhance the nurse-patient relationship and improve patient care outcomes. Nonverbal communication can also provide context to verbal messages, helping to clarify the intended meaning.

In contrast, written reports, email correspondence, and verbal instructions primarily rely on verbal language to convey information and do not fall under the category of nonverbal communication. These forms of communication serve different purposes and may lack the immediacy and emotional nuance that nonverbal cues provide.